cheese. You need to divide the charged particles by the mass of the atoms particles. Chlorine does not exist as a diatomic element in this compound. Neurotransmitters can either have excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic membrane, as detailed in Table 16.2 . xTA Specific Charge = ChargeMass The units of specific charge is Ckg-1 What is the relative charge of a positron? AQA A Level Physics Required Practical 2 Slit Experiment, Finding the unknown mass of a bedridden patient and the center of gravity 2 versions. 14. c. activates myosin kinase in smooth muscle contraction. endobj An ion (/ a. Write the chemical formula for a simple ionic compound. About 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones, and the remaining 1% is found in blood, muscle, and other tissues. What potential (mV) reading do you expect for the last solution. x+2T0 BCcJLLJ64Rp n,-n /) is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.. Specific charge is the ratio of an atoms electrical charge to its mass. Therefore different electrodes are used for different ions. - Definition & Food Examples, What Is Acetaminophen? This makes it an ion. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. The selectivity of the ISE is determined by the composition of the membrane. We have already encountered some chemical formulas for simple ionic compounds. Calcium (ion) batteries remain an active area of research, with studies and work persisting in the discovery and development of electrodes and . What is the specific charge of the calcium ion? Press J to jump to the feed. 0 With the exchanger or ionophore present, the processes described in Figures 2 and 3 transport the ion into the membrane. A calcium ion has a net ionic charge of + 2. Make sure that you are on the F- tab. Calcium has a positive 2 charge when it is in its ion form. The abundance of negative charges present on glycosaminoglycan chains enable sequestration of Ca 2+ ions and various bioactive growth factors, as well as contributing to the overall negative charge of bone tissue, which is the reason why bone regeneration and healing is promoted when the natural electrical microenvironment at the defect site is . Figure 6. charge/mass of ion = (2e/ (20m p + 20m n) However you can see that the answer is only to 2sf.. and mass of proton and neutron are the same to 3sf.. Doctors define hypocalcemia, or a calcium deficiency, as blood calcium concentrations of below 8.8 milligrams per deciliter. The ion-exchanger uptakes Ca2+ into the membrane by the following mechanism, forming a complex with the structure shown in Figure 6: \[\ce{Ca^2+}\, (aqueous) + \ce{2(RO)2PO2-}\, (organic) \leftrightharpoons \ce{[(RO)2PO2]2Ca}\, (organic)\]. sardines and salmon. Because everyone is different, sometimes you may have a result that falls outside the reference range. When an ionic compound is formed from magnesium and oxygen, the magnesium ion has a 2+ charge, and the oxygen atom has a 2 charge. He has a Bachelors Degree in Chemistry and a Master's Degree in Instructional Media with a specialization in STEM. Answer (1 of 2): It is quite simple the charge on Ca Ion is 2+ and the charge on CO3 is 2- so net sum of charge on the CaCO3 compound is +2+-2=0 (it is neutral). Proper chemical formulas for ionic compounds balance the total positive charge with the total negative charge. M A calcium ion has a net ionic charge of + 2. We can account for the lack of 100% specificity by incorporating the activity of j and a selectivity coefficient (kij) into equation 4. In calcium chloride, there are two Cl - anions per Ca 2+ cation, so the empirical formula for calcium chloride is CaCl 2 . lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Stewart, G. R. "Measurement of low-temperature specific heat." Review of Scientific Instruments, volume 54, number 1, 1983, . Electron- 3. 12. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The specific charge of an atom is the ratio of its electrical charge to its mass. First, the cation is written before the anion. Ionic compounds exist as alternating positive and negative ions in regular, three-dimensional arrays called crystals (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). d. is an oxygen-storage molecule. The empirical formula has one Pb4+ ion and two O2 ions. You can effortlessly find every single detail about the elements from this single Interactive Periodic table. Name Dot or Gain Configuration Charge ol of of Ion Symbol of Ton Na lose 1 10 Na Sodium jon Ton Sodium 11 Nitrogen Aluminum + Chlorine Calcium Oxygen B. Ionic . Write the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. Need help with homework? In this manuscript, a novel TP fluorescence calcium probe (BAPTAVP) with positive charges, based on the classical Ca2 . The remaining polyatomic anions, which all contain oxygen, in combination with another non-metal, exist as part of a series in which the number of oxygens within the polyatomic unit can vary. If you are on mobile device, then use a Desktop site mode to see interactive periodic table), Periodic table Labeled with Everything (9+ different Images), Periodic table with Ionization Energy values (labeled image), Periodic table with Electronegativity values (labeled image), Periodic table with Valence Electrons Labeled (7 HD Images), Periodic table with Charges Labeled on it (7 HD Images), Electronegativity Chart of All Elements (All Values Inside), Ionization Energy of all Elements (Full Chart Inside), Atomic Radius of All the Elements (Complete Chart Inside), Electron Configuration of All Elements (Full Chart Inside), Protons Neutrons & Electrons of All Elements (List + Images), Orbital Diagram of All Elements (Diagrams given Inside), Electron Configuration Chart of All Elements (Full Chart). Recognize polyatomic ions in chemical formulas. First, compounds between metal and nonmetal elements are usually ionic. It has a charge of 3.2 10 19 C and it has a mass of 3.98 10 26 k g. Specific charge is 8.04 10 6 C k g 1. Let me tell you how this Interactive Periodic Table will help you in your studies. Thus, the excitation-contraction coupling process begins with signaling from the nervous system at the neuromuscular junction ( Figure 10.3.1) and ends with calcium release for muscle contraction. 11. Textbook 2 Example 1: A lithium nucleus contains 3 protons and 4 neutrons. The findings indicate that MoVO provides one of the best performances reported to date for the storage of calcium ions. high oxide ion conductivity, oxidation states, and favorable thermal and chemical . Point of care diagnostics: Clinical Instrumentation Refresher Series: Ion Selective Electrodes by William R. Hliwa, Western New York Microcomputer, Inc., April, 1998: available for purchase through Med TechNet Online Services. In this case, the calcium atom carries a positive charge. 1 0 obj endstream The overall charge of the ion is -2 in relative units or 2 x 1.6 x 10-16 C The mass of the nucleus of the ion is 16 x 1.7 x 10-27.kg The combined mass of the electrons is so small it is insignificant in this calculation. The calcium ion (Ca2+) isa highly versatile intracellular signal messenger regulating many different cellular functions. Calcium. Redox processes do not occur at ISEs. a specific ion electrode will only respond to the presence of one species. - Definition, Uses & Side Effects, What Is Niacin? Everything you need for your studies in one place. Two examples are shown below: There are two ways to recognize ionic compounds. PTH is released from the parathyroid gland in response to a decrease in the concentration of blood calcium. The response of these electrodes is highly selective and they have replaced many liquid membrane electrodes. According to the supplier, it contains aminophosphonic groups in a poly (styrene-co-divinylbenzene) matrix, and has a mean diameter of 0.59 0.07 mm and total ion exchange capacity of 1.75 eq/L. What is the number of neutrons in a helium nucleus (alpha particle)? The phosphate group can be protonated, but has a strong affinity for Ca2+. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Hydroxide Ion Overview & Formula | How are Hydroxide Ions Formed? This +2 charge is a representation of the relationship between the number of protons in calcium (18) and the number of electrons once it has. This positively charged calcium ion is known as a cation. Initially, researchers attempted to use glass membrane electrodes (which had been successful for monovalent cations such as H, An alternative to wet liquid membrane electrodes is to use a polymeric membrane, which is composed of a polymer such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), a plasticizer, and the ion carrier or exchanger. This strategy underlies the formation of coccoliths, which are highly ordered arrangements of calcite crystals produced by marine microalgae. Some foods of course have more calcium in them than others. To obtain a valence shell octet, sodium forms an ion with a 1+ charge, while the sulfur ion has a 2 charge. Calcium (ion) batteries are energy storage and delivery technologies (i.e., electro-chemical energy storage) that employ calcium ions (cations), Ca 2+, as the active charge carrier in the electrolytes as well as in the electrodes (anode and cathode). Protein-bound calcium cannot diffuse through membranes and thus is not usable by tissues. The ionophore cannot diffuse out of the membrane and but can trap the analyte ion (A+) at the interface between the solution and membrane. Alternatively, use the crossing charges method shown in Figure 3.3.2. These components are shown in Figure 1. Identify each compound as ionic or not ionic. The pH Scale | Calculating the pH of a Solution, Nitrogen Oxides Formulas, Sources & Reactions | Nitrogen Monoxide & Dioxide. This would mean that calcium has lost its 2 valence electrons and has 2 more protons than electrons. Calcium can most commonly be found in its ionic form, however, which carries a +2 charge. m" These new species are called ion pairs (when ions are . Each entry has a full citation identifying its source. The nucleus contains 3 protons so its total charge is 3 x (+1.6 x 10-19} C It contains a total of 7 nucleons so its total mass is = 7 x (1.7 x 10-27) specific charge = EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = 4.0 x 107Ckg-1 example 3: What is the specific charge of an EMBED Equation.3 ion? You may be asked to find the specific charge of an ion or a nucleus. The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. For example, if you see the formula \(\ce{Ba(NO3)2}\), you may recognize the NO3 part as the nitrate ion, \(\rm{NO_3^}\). 2P t^.}dCCK4^.CBH./WFFbzB~BB/+@^. When kij values are less than 1, the ISE is more responsive to the analyte ion and when kij values are greater than 1, the ISE is more responsive to the interfering ion. After all, both liquids have ionic compounds dissolved in them. The mass of electrons is smaller than that of protons and neutrons. If more than one of a particular polyatomic ion is needed to balance the charge, the entire formula for the polyatomic ion must be enclosed in parentheses, and the numerical subscript is placed outside the parentheses. This page titled Ion-Selective Electrodes is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Contributor. In sodium chloride, there is one Na+ cation per each Cl-, so the formula unit for sodium chloride isis NaCl. The following calibration data was collected at a Pb. <>stream 2). The valinomycin electrode was one of the first polymer membrane electrodes and is routinely used to determine potassium. The potential of each side is related to activity (A) or concentration as described by the Nernst equation, where z is the charge of the ion of interest: \[E_{outer} = E^o \dfrac{0.05916}{z} \log \dfrac{1}{A_{unk}} \tag{2}\], \[E_{inner} = E^o - \dfrac{0.05916}{z} \log \dfrac{1}{A_{ref}} \tag{3}\]. By convention, the lowest whole number ratio is used in the formulas of ionic compounds. There are three main types of membranes. Humans will gather calcium in their bodies through normal food consumption, but eating these specific foods can help the body function at a higher level: Aside from humans, some animals are also heavily reliant on the presence of calcium in their bodies to produce hearty and full shells to protect from predators in the form of calcium carbonate. As has been repeatedly emphasized in several sections of this text, no two chemical formulas should share a common chemical name. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Write the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. If the element has more than one possible charge, the value of the charge comes after the element name and before the word ion. Over 99 percent of total body calcium is found as calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2) in bones and teeth, where it provides hard tissue with its strength. Iron can form two possible ions, but the ion with a 3+ charge is specified here. As you can see from the equation, the smaller the kij values, the less impact the interfering ion will have on the measured potential. Semicircular Canals Function | What do the Semicircular Canals Do? Specific charge is the charge per unit mass of a substance. That +2 charge is a result of calcium having 2 valence electrons that get donated to another ion to make a compound. 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Calcium ion intercalation into electrode materials is challenging due to the large size and high charge density of calcium ions relative to lithium. (Remember that the convention for writing formulas for ionic compounds is not to include the ionic charge.) Although it is convenient to think that \(\ce{NaCl}\) crystals are composed of individual \(\ce{NaCl}\) units, Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows that no single ion is exclusively associated with any other single ion. Possibly even more important than the role calcium plays in muscle function, it is also needed in order for blood to coagulate or clot in the human body as well. 3. For a proton Q = +1.6 x 10-19C m = 1.7 x 10-27kg specific charge = EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = +9.41 x 107 Ckg-1 example 2: What is the specific charge of an EMBED Equation.3 nucleus? Write the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. Polyatomic ions have defined formulas, names, and charges that cannot be modified in any way. 8. For some help with this problem, open up the following spreadsheet. I feel like its a lifeline. the number of protons = number of electrons. Potassium Chloride Formula & Uses | What Is Potassium Chloride? The basics of ion exchange and ion transport are reviewed in the next sections. Does the nucleus of an atom have any charge? All rights reserved. The ionophore is a neutral carrier molecule represented by the blue oval. <>stream We will need two potassium ions to balance the charge on the sulfate ion, so the proper chemical formula is \(\ce{K_2SO_4}\). Calcium ISEs are commonly used to measure calcium ion activity in biological fluids, as calcium ion is important in many physiological processes, such as bone formation. The resulting charge separation at each interface leads to a phase-boundary potential. endstream a. is a sugar-storage molecule. 4.3: Formulas for Ionic Compounds is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. By having calcium nutrients absorbed by plants through the root system, plants are more likely to have healthy growth. Where to find grade boundaries for BPhO Intermediate? By now you have learned that the identity of the membrane determines the selectivity of the electrode. As before, we put an internal reference electrode in the internal reference solution and an external reference electrode in the analyte solution, as shown in Figure 5. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us [email protected] check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 0?> PBMVU4VJdgbLp),=yShhVfYtjG1@UI{"BT$U]Z[b_d)tNzwlzZ2|@K(P\[XZg"8{;M47` f#Gsq]CNoB /N2!*@ll^7B Calcium plays a key role in quite a few of your body's functions. hQgQ h=l CJ UVaJ mH sH j hQgQ h=l CJ UaJ h=l CJ H*aJ h=l CJ aJ h6H. The calcium in the plants promotes the formation of both cell walls and cell membranes. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. X\ Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. For all of the ISEs described above, the same equations can be used to predict the relationship between potential and analyte activity (A) or concentration. Specific charge is charge per kilogram (it tells you that by giving you the unit!) In addition to humans and animals, plants too can benefit from the presence of calcium nutrients. Neurotransmitters are the receptacles in the body that allow messages to flow from one part of the body to another. Through the help of calcium, neurotransmitters can do their jobs efficiently. 4 0 obj In multivalent ion batteries, the positive multivalent ions combine with two or more electrons at the same time, so their capacities are two or three times that of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) under the same conditions, e.g., a magnesium ion battery has a high theoretical specific capacity of 2 205 mAh g1 and a high volumetric capacity of 3 . Calcium in the circulatory system, extracellular fluid, muscle, and other tissues is critical for mediating vascular contraction and . A single suffix, "-ide," is insufficient for distinguishing the names of the anions in a related polyatomic series. Loss 4. Note that all of the polyatomic ions whose names end in "-ate" contain one more oxygen than those polyatomic anions whose names end in "-ite." The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. % In addition to hydroxyapatite, calcium is also a key contributor to the receptors in the human body known as neurotransmitters. A chemical formula is a concise list of the elements in a compound and the ratios of these elements. Initially, researchers attempted to use glass membrane electrodes (which had been successful for monovalent cations such as H+ and Na+) to detect divalent cations, such as Ca2+. Second, charges are not written in a formula. Therefore, the proper formula for this ionic compound is \(\ce{MgO}\). The crystal is usually doped with europium to improve the conductivity. Calcium as a nutrient is most commonly associated with the formation and metabolism of bone. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. In the case of sodium chloride, the ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions, expressed in lowest whole numbers, is 1:1, so we use \(\ce{NaCl}\) (one \(\ce{Na}\) symbol and one \(\ce{Cl}\) symbol) to represent the compound. i.e. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention.The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons. This electrode is used in one of the experiments listed at the end of this learning module. What is the specific charge Press J to jump to the feed. a specific intramembranous charge movement (charge 2; Brum and Ros, 1987) generated by conformational . Animals such as snails, crabs, and turtles all benefit from the ability to accrue this calcium compound in their bodies. 3 0 obj How to Calculate the Specific Charge of an Ion The Complete Guide to Everything 72.5K subscribers 24K views 3 years ago In this video I will teach you how to calculate the specific charge on. So Na + is the sodium ion; Ca 2+ is the calcium ion. Write the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of ions. (a) The nucleus of a particular atom has a nucleon number of 14 and a proton number of 6. Equation 4 assumes that all of the electrode response (Emeas) is due to one ion. During the formation of a bond, calcium donates two electrons of the last shell to form bonds and turns into a calcium ion(Ca 2+). Non-metals (found on the right) will be negative. Ionic charge: When the atom loses or gains one or more electrons, the electric charge is generated (and an ion is formed). You can see that the formation of LaF2+ creates a charge at the surface. Now consider the ionic compound formed by magnesium and chlorine. Ideally the membrane allows the uptake of only one specific ion into it. For each pair of elements, determine the charge for their ions and write the proper formula for the resulting ionic compound between them. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) lists the most common polyatomic ions. The electrons from the Ca are now with the two Cl atoms.----- Helpful Videos -----Finding the Charge on Ion: https://youtu.be/N4N1Njh7nCoIntroduction to Writing Electron Configurations: https://youtu.be/J-v9_ieCqJIHow to Draw Lewis Structures: https://youtu.be/1ZlnzyHahvoFormal Charge Practice Video: https://youtu.be/-9f4H0puVzcFinding Valence Electrons (element): https://youtu.be/x1gdfkvkPTkFor more help with chemistry visit www.Breslyn.org { "4.01:_4.1-Types_of_Chemical_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Ions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Formulas_for_Ionic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Ionic_Nomenclature" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Transition_Metal_Ion_Formation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.06:_Formula_Mass" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.07:__Characteristics_of_Ionic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Matter_Measurements_and_Calculations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Atoms_and_Molecules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Electronic_Structure_and_the_Periodic_Law" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Chemical_Bond_I" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Chemical_Bond_II" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Intermolecular_Forces" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Overview_of_Inorganic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "hypothesis:yes", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "source[1]-chem-16137", "source[2]-chem-16137", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FBrevard_College%2FCHE_103_Principles_of_Chemistry_I%2F04%253A_Chemical_Bond_I%2F4.03%253A_Formulas_for_Ionic_Compounds, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\). The membrane must have low solubility in the analyte solution we dont want it to dissolve!! ", The formulas you get given are https://imgur.com/a/91FL4 If anyone could point me in the right direction it would be much appreciated. Here are some intermediate questions you might need to answer to figure this out. d. is an oxygen storage molecule. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Calcium Carbonate is the calcium compound that tends to be the main component of these animals' shells. Figure 3. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. This is typically accomplished by placing a thin membrane at the end of the plastic tube and filling the tube with a standard (known concentration) solution of the analyte. Polymer electrodes have been used to determine ions such as K, Ionophores, or chelating agents, that selectively complex ions include crown ethers and the antibiotic valinomycin (see Figure 4). The oxygen atom has a 2 charge as an ion. More specifically, the family of elements that calcium falls into is named the alkaline earth metals. The formulaunit or empirical formula represents the minimum proportion between cations and anions in the crystal lattice.