Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. Eight Ways to Teach With Primary Sources - Education Week He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. [citation needed]. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. Sulla and the proscriptions - Jerry Fielden [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. What is a primary source? - Paperpile When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | YourDictionary Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Collections Online | British Museum 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . Livy, Periochae 81-85 - Livius [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. Sulla - in ancient sources @ attalus.org Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Encyclopedia.com He brought Pompeii under siege. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. In . National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. When Gods Collide - Sulla and Marius - The 5 Most Titanic Military Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. Sulla then duly besieged the city. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. Primary Sources - An Introductory Guide - Seton Hall University be determined. Finding Primary Sources for Teachers and Students Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. [131] The purge went on for several months. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war.
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