Cite this article. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Merola et al. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Article The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. 2003;80:177. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Behav Brain Res. 2014;53:22230. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. CAS Neuroreport. Pathophysiology. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Neuroscience. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. 2015;91:30611. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Finally, Hardell et al. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? 2015;91:55561. 1992;6:379. 2000;11:16413. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. 2000;11:4135. Mol Brain Res. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Lai et al. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Google Scholar. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. 2010;2010. 1993;13:41322. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Radiat Res. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. . MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. 1988;9:33745. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Behav Brain Res. Yale J Biol Med. Ning et al. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. 2013;89:11007. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. PubMed However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Cosquer et al. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. 2000;6:18793. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. 2013;5:5500110. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. Cell Biochem Biophys. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Google Scholar. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. 2013;32:27380. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. 2006;98:170713. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. 2012;62:22336. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 2012;31:25074. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Rev Environ Health. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Kwon et al. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Military Medical Research To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. 2005;438:18592. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. J Mol Neurosci. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. PubMed J Sleep Res. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. 2015;51:15865. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. PubMed Central Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2011;107:35661. radiations. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2013;73:4737. [84] and Sharma et al. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Google Scholar. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Cobb et al. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Google Scholar. 2011;31:2293301. Cassel et al. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. 2009;64:2314. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. 2005;1042:1018. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Fragopoulou et al. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. 2002;13:11921. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. 2011;174:211. 2015;140:23646. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. 2004;48:46624. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. 2010;86:37683. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Neuroreport. However, Li et al. 2009;72:20514. Brain Res Rev. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. 2005;130:591600. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Mack et al. Sci STKE. Biochem J. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. 2007;210:63544. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. 2007;27:6024. 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The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Cancer Res. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. 2006;398:2537. Brain Res. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Zhao et al. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. 2012;35:32534. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. JAMA. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Article PubMed Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 2011;343:5224. Google Scholar. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 1984;4:285665. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. PLoS One. 2010;28:445. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Dasdag et al. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. 2004;25:4957. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. 2015;56:2618. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. 2009;4:e4389. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. 2003;41:26887. 2003;11:346. 2004;115:1490505. Int J Radiat Biol. 1984;11:4760. Bull Exp Biol Med. Article Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. radiation with wavelengths. Wang Q, Cao Z. Neuroreport. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. 2008;169:3845. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Xiong et al. 2009;27:556572. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. 2002;57:2702. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. 2006;79:13140. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Part of Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Bioelectromagnetics. Article Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. 2015;91:42634. 2014:125. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Springer Nature. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Brain Res. Mil Med Sci. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors.