>> >> The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? /Lang (en-US) "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. /Type /Group 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. [39][originalresearch? % /Artifact /Sect /Type /Pages >> It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? << "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". /Resources << Naive scientist b. >> Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /F3 23 0 R /Contents 39 0 R 3,000 & 10,000 \\ Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /Filter /FlateDecode /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Page It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. 500 0 0 389 278] [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R >> 2 0 obj<>stream
23 0 obj -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. % What does WEIRD refer to? The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. What is deindividuation? << Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. >> >> Introducing Cram Folders! /F3 23 0 R Nathaniel . >> /Type /ExtGState What is the power of single vivid instances? >> 269273 . What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? /Type /Catalog /StructParents 9 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>org> When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 <> Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 /CS /DeviceRGB -Obedience: submission to authority -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) 14 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights %
/Contents 42 0 R This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? endobj [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. q*15Q[7t. 4,000 & 9,000 \\ 48 . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Tabs /S Rossi . What is what? Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /Subtype /Type1 /GS8 28 0 R How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? /Font << [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Type /Group What is situated social cognition? >> What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? /Font << System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /F5 25 0 R endobj A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) /CS /DeviceRGB /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) /Tabs /S /LastChar 116 /Textbox /Sect /Parent 2 0 R [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. >> [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R /Parent 2 0 R meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours 9 0 obj Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /Font << endobj What is the difference between them? First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. 26 0 obj Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". /F4 24 0 R What is obedience? What is the actor-observer bias? Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. >> What is social facilitation? "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. /GS8 28 0 R >> Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. How pervasive is prejudice today? >> First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category Which is viewed as more homogeneous? variability, when the category is. -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /ca 1 -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. \end{array} To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /FontDescriptor 365 0 R Heuristics are one way that we save resources. To install click the Add extension button. >> -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 3 0 obj /Type /Page partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Tabs /S Contents. To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. << People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. /Type /Font How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. >> 260 0 R 261 0 R] 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground -Differs: /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding endobj [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. /Resources << In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /F4 24 0 R -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better /Parent 2 0 R The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. Please select the correct language below. /GS8 28 0 R /Type /Font It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. endobj 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. endobj << /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Group /S /Transparency /Pages 2 0 R Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /GS8 28 0 R /S /Transparency ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] De Neys . Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. /F1 21 0 R endobj /Font << -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) >> /Parent 2 0 R In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /Resources << /ParentTreeNextKey 13 July 2015 . Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -Becoming less pervasive /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /ExtGState << Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') [15][pageneeded]. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /Parent 2 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R /F6 26 0 R /Tabs /S >> /ExtGState << 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. >> ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation.